Some of the measures that can be found in Singapore are the following: -

1. Gabions (hard engineering)
2. Beach nourishment (soft engineering)
3. Planting of Mangroves (soft engineering)
4. Stabilising Coastal Dunes (soft engineering)
5. Growth of coral reefs (soft engineering)

• A man made wall structure built on or near the shoreline
• The purpose of it is to protect the land or an area of water behind the wall from erosion

- Building seawalls is very expensive.
E.g, in England, it can cost up to $3million to build a stretch of seawalls of 1 kilometre.

• It can be built with one and attached to the coast or away from the coast.
• They break the force at high energy waves before they reach the shore.
• When constructed offshore, it can create a zone of calm water behind them and allow deposition to occur, forming beaches.
• Materials deposited behind the breakwater are protected but the zone located away from the breakwater is not.
• It will not receive new supplies of materials and it will get eroded away.

• Beach drainage is when a drain is installed under a beach. it takes all the water from under the sand and either pumps it to a pump station, which takes the water back to the sea, or just pumps it straight back to the sea.
• By draining the beach, the sand is able to dry and the sea wind is able to re-create a dry beach.

LIMITATIONS:

- cheap and effective way for beaches whose sand cannot dry easily
- however, it requires high maintenance
- the system could be damaged by storm erosion of beach

• Artificial reefs can be created by placing environmentally friendly and long-lived materials like steel or concrete on the seafloor.
• Once the materials are put in place, living organisms start to grow on it.
• Man-made reefs are as productive as natural reefs in enhancing fishing opportunities and serve as undersea barriers to reduce impact of wave energy.

LIMITATIONS: 

however for these methods to work, the people have to cooperate.

• Access points to the beach should be controlled and designated so as not to be distributed by human traffic.
• Shrubs and trees can be planted to stabilize them. Roots of trees reach downwards to tap groundwater and anchor the sand in the process.

LIMITATIONS:

- Human activities need to be minimized.

• Mangroves with their prop roots help trap sediments and reduce coastal erosion.
• As mangrove communities grow seawards, they etend the coastal land seawards.
• It can affect the depth of coasts and has implications for port activities/coastal transportation.

LIMITATIONS:

-  however, young mangrove are very vulnerable, thus the help of the local people is needed to help take care for these your plants

• The constant replenishment of large quantities of sand to the beach system.
• The beach is extended seawards, which leads to the improvement of beach quality and storm protection.
• affects marine ecosystem

LIMITATIONS:

- requires constant supply of new sand
- this is a very expensive method as beach quality sand is super expensive
- regular maintenance is needed
- this method can only last for about 10 years

• They are wired cages filled with crush rocks.
• They are piled up along the shore to prevent or reduce coastal erosion by weakening wave energy.

LIMITATIONS:

- It offers short-term protection (5-10 years).
- The cages require regular maintainence and are easily corroded by seawater, trampling and vandalism. If not properly maintained, the wire baskets can be unsightly and dangerous along the beach.
- It is the cheapest method.